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Physical contact can easily be incorporated into our everyday dealings with our kids; yes, even preteen or teen boys!
I was at the park recently and was watching the most incredible display of love between a father and son. This father had the “ physical contact thing” right, probably without even realizing it. Frequently,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], this father’s son would run up to tell him something. It was obvious that their was a strong affectional bond between them. As they talked, their eye contact was direct without any hesitation. And their communication included a lot of physical contact,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], especially when something funny was said.
Now that we’ve covered how important eye and physical contact are we’ll move on to Part 3 in next week’s ezine, showing love through “ Focused Attention” . (And I’m not talking about spending hours of one-on-one time with your child).
Soon,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], I began to develop a fantastic relationship with the students. The comment I received after that year and every year after that was, “Mrs. Kurt is stern, but wow,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], she loves us SO much.” All of the letters I received from my students mentioned how I made them feel, how happy they felt that year,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and how cared for, supported, and loved they felt. It was common to read messages such as, “You were more than my teacher, Mrs. Kurt, you....”
Here are some types of loving, appropriate touch that you can incorporate:
What kind of physical contact do most parents use with their child? It seems obvious, doesn’t it? A hug. We hug our child because we love them and we hope they feel this love. However,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], what if I told you that there is other physical contact that can be even more powerful in terms of showing our kids we love them?
I believe that parents must convey this feeling of love alongside their guidance and discipline; I use it with my own children and see the same results as I did in the classroom (although even more special and lovely!). It only takes being aware of what is needed and a dedication to doing it consistently so that it comes naturally. With this in place,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], our children’s emotional tanks will be filled up a little more each day.
The father would frequently lay his hand on his son’s arm, or put his arm around his son’s shoulder and sometimes lovingly slap him on the knee. Occasionally,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], he would pat him on the back or pull his son toward him. It was completely clear that this father and son had a loving, respectful relationship.
1.) Stroke of the cheek
2.) Tousle of the hair
3.) Quick rub on the back
4,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].) Hand holding
5.) Giving a “High-Five”
6,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].) Touch on the arm
7.) Hand on their knee while watching TV or a movie
Funny enough, studies show that most busy parents tend to only touch their children when helping them dress, undress, brush their teeth or get in and out of the car. It’s not an intentional thing to withhold the gentler, more loving physical contact,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], it’s just the busyness of life that makes parents tend to forget.
When I was a school teacher, I always made a point of using physical touch. This was actually something I began when I was trying to turn around a tremendously difficult class. I had been using some discipline techniques I learned in University but they weren’t working. In total despair, after a humiliating episode in the classroom,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], I sat down and thoughtfully laid out how I wanted the classroom to feel, the relationship I wanted to have with the students and what I could do consistently to make my desires come true. One of the things I implemented the very next day was appropriate physical contact.
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There are so many more elements that can be incorporated to create a Lifestyle of Romance. Make a list of those things that would make you feel like you're living a life of romance and then begin to implement them into your everyday life.

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The week of Nov. 11 – 17
Sunday and Monday were really trying days for me. I felt the anxiety and stress welling up inside me, and once again I was feeling trapped, vulnerable and powerless. In the darkness I called out for help. That is when the Goddess Kali answered. I found myself re-energized,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], strengthened, fortified and readied for battle. Kali is the Hindu Goddess of eternal energy. She embodies time and change. Her image is one of dichotomy. She epitomizes death and destruction while at the same time exuding nurturing,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], motherly energy. I found myself clothed head-to-toe in black and carrying Goddess stones in lieu of my ethereal angelic crystals. At first I was confused by this change in energy. Then it occurred to me that the Goddess Kali was helping to break down the old energies in order to make way for the new. Destruction is a vital phase in the process of ascension.
Then, Friday the 13th rolled around. I am not superstitious, so the date did not bother me; however, this was one Friday the 13th that I will not soon forget. I awoke to a feeling of dread. To say I was upset would be an understatement. My logical mind couldn’t comprehend the reason for my soul’s angst so it externalized the fear by focusing on my debts. I developed an almost paralyzing fear of lack. This in turn caused me to pray to the angels and God to just take me Home. My angels told me that I had to be brave and tackle my fears.
My Advice to You
The latest phase of ascension started with the shift in energies on November 11th. A new influx of higher energy permeated Earth’s thick atmosphere and began to break up the palpable negativity at a molecular level. I remember feeling phenomenally energized that day.
Come Thursday,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], I was feeling invincible! Instead of breaking me down,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the turmoil of the past week only made me stronger. In the morning, I had a vision of being a clear quartz crystal. Inside, I was filled with a sparkling rose-coloured light (Divine love) that resembled pink champagne. The bubbles were actually angel energy. Surrounding the crystal was a bright sphere of Divine golden light. The light would rhythmically pulsate, sending sonic waves outward in all directions, breaking up negativity at a molecular level.
On Wednesday, sanity returned once more. I did a thorough clearing of my energy along with a space clearing. That, coupled with a good grounding meditation, worked wonders. I then filled the house with the light and love of God, saying over and over again, “I am a perfect child of God. I am of the light. I am in the light. I radiate light. I AM the light!” I felt 100% better. This clarity of mind ushered in new understanding. I realized that I had spent the past two days purging old negativity from my cellular memory. I was literally burning off old karmic debt in order to move to a higher vibrational frequency. In other words,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], I was letting go of the old (dark / negativity) in order to embrace the new (light and love).
In love and light,
Kim
The week of Nov. 18 – 25
On Saturday, I found myself arguing with my angels, I finally realized that everything in life truly happens for a reason. Good or bad,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], it is all part of our soul’s growth. You have to be able to see through the pain and fear in order to find the lesson. Once learned, the pain and fear disappears. By naming your fears, you minimize and ultimately let them go. It also helps to realize that it is not your fears that make you unhappy; it’s your inability to look them squarely in the eye and not flinch. Being able to talk about my fear of debt instead of hiding from it actually gave me the power to fix it. I started thinking up creative and fun ways to generate money instead of dwelling on the concept of lack.
November has been a challenging month. Each of us, including Mother Earth, is going through a process known as Ascension. We are increasing the vibratory rate of our energy field in order to match the higher frequencies of Spirit. To put it in simpler terms,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], think of a radio dial. We are in the process of changing stations from the lower end of the radio dial to the higher frequencies. Since Spirit communicates on a higher wave length, your new attunement will improve your ability to receive messages from the Other Side. This improvement in Spirit communication will help us all overcome our feelings of fear, isolation, confusion, anger and sadness by providing us with unconditional love and Divine guidance.
Lightworkers are on the leading edge of this accelerated evolutionary shift. They are fulfilling their soul’s purpose by helping to bridge the gap between Heaven and Earth. This change,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], while incredibly beneficial, is also stressful. Everyone is feeling a degree of anxiety or a sense of anticipation. For ultra-sensitive Lightworkers though, this shift can feel like an out-of-control roller coaster ride. I know this to be true as I have felt the effects firsthand. I would like to share my experiences with you:
After being plagued with insomnia once again (I’ve not slept well since the last influx of energy on 9-11) I awoke at 2 a.m. on Monday,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and proceeded to have an emotional meltdown. I felt like I was trapped inside a living hell. All my old demons were bubbling to the surface. I was bone-cold despite turning the heat up and running my space heater full blast. I couldn’t hear or sense my angels at all. Thoughts of suicide were running through my mind and I was begging God to take me home. This went on for 48 hours or so, with me cycling through a different emotion every minute. I lay on the coach and cried; or rather, tried to cry. I couldn’t muster enough enthusiasm. I just felt wretched, angry, frightened, abandoned, and full of despair. I even felt possessed by a lower entity and,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], at times, I thought I was having a heart attack. My heart was racing so fast I couldn’t breathe. I was a wreck.
The degree to which you feel the effects of the ascension depends on your level of sensitivity. No matter how intense or mild your symptoms, it is vitally important that we band together. Don’t let fear destroy your happiness. Communicate with others. Reach out,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], share your experiences, and ask for help. Don’t suffer in silence. Even if you don’t understand why you feel anxious,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], talk about it with a friend. Chances are you’re not alone! Don’t fear the darkness. It’s bound to the light in perfect balance, like the yin-yang energy of our duality. Remember, it is always darkest before the dawn. This phase will soon pass.
Today I feel better and more even-keeled. I am still receiving emails from Lightworkers in distress though, so I know this bumpy ride isn’t over yet.
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yuvsgvoand

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Subliminal technology means making use of technology to pass some messages to your subconscious mind without the same messages being deciphered by the conscious mind. The essence of this is so that the conscious mind can start acting on the messages as if they have been part of its program forever. This way,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], many people are able to change the attitudes for the better by the “implantation” of the positive messages. There is no better tool of subliminal technology than the subliminal software to help us do this.
There are many programs on sale in the market today and one good thing about them is that as well as sensing the messages in your subconscious mind, you will see what your mind is absorbing,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], with your physical eyes. This means that you are not vulnerable to someone manipulating your mind for their own good. With the tapes for example, that risk, though minimal, is always there. With the subliminal software, you have some control over what you hear because you can see it. If you do not think it is what you want,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], then you can just discard it. And the best thing yet is that you can get software that will help you design your own subliminal messages. This way,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the program will be a part of your life and whenever you feel that you want a kick-start, you can use it in your computer.
As you buy your subliminal software,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], make sure that you ask about future upgrades. In most cases,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], upgrades will be done free. Make sure that it is also from a good source and that it is compatible with your computer. Remember that you want to use it for as long as possible. After all, subliminal messaging will become a lifestyle rather than a one-off thing.
Let’s face it; in this rat race of life, no one has the time to sit around and relax listening to some tape or some messages from an MP3 player. If anything, sitting down will only bring other thoughts, and thus blocking your subconscious from accessing the messages in the tapes. Since the subconscious mind is able to find its own footing even in the maze of your daily activities subconsciously,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], it will be able to absorb the messages flashing on the monitor as you go through your daily computer activities at the office.
A person might ask why they should not just use the tapes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], MP3s and other tools of subliminal technology but the truth is just like all other businesses in our lives,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], some things just work better and faster than others. Such is the power of the subliminal software, which will flood your subconscious mind with all positive messages as you go on with your daily computer activities. The good news is that this should be very easy for you and in any case,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you should be able to change your outlook towards life even without knowing what the software does is play over and over the soft messages. Your real powerhouse, that is,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the subconscious mind, takes it all in and changes all about you.
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The Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) announced Sunday that the banks selected the firms on their own criteria for credit risk evaluation, and that they will launch an evaluation of the firms by Jan.

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Until recently, our culture has placed emphasis on certain aspects of intelligence such as logical reasoning, math skills,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], spatial skills, understanding analogies,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], verbal skills, etc. to help predict the success of people in their personal and professional lives. The fact is people with remarkable IQ scores do not always succeed in life and frequently do not know how to have successful relationships with coworkers, friends,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and family. As a result, psychologists have recently proposed that emotional intelligence or EQ,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the ability to understand emotions,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], is a more important predictor.
We know that our childhood,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], environmental, and early life events shape our emotional and intellectual intelligence, as do genetic factors and by a certain age in childhood our intellectual ability is established. However, emotional intelligence can continue to develop throughout the life span. Emotional intelligence is not a fixed point, but rather it is fluid and dynamic,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and results from emotional teaching and a willingness to grow and develop. It is a fact that the brain is patterned throughout life; brain structures and circuits shape themselves through repeated experience, and through repeated practice, people can get better at things they once weren’t good at. In fact,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], emotional intelligence tends to increase through each decade of life. It’s what we used to call “maturity” – how one handle one’s self and other people.
We believe that through focusing on their personal development,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], people can learn to handle emotions intelligently, and in doing so increase their ability to succeed in personal and professional relationships. Emotional self-awareness is the core of emotional intelligence. Knowing one's emotional state allows the possibility of expressing feelings appropriately, or making the choice to withhold the expression of the emotion - in other words,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], managing one’s emotional responses.
We use Emotional Intelligence testing when working with individuals to assess our clients’ current ability to manage their emotions and to assert themselves. EQ results demonstrate each individual’s level of self-esteem and self-actualization – indicators of their current ability to grow toward their full potential. EQ is also an effective tool when beginning personal development coaching, providing clients with a benchmark for progress during the coaching program.
We believe that through focusing on their personal development, people can learn to handle emotions intelligently, and in doing so increase their ability to succeed in personal and professional relationships. Emotional self-awareness is the core of emotional intelligence. Knowing one’s emotional state allows the possibility of expressing feelings appropriately, or making the choice to withhold the expression of the emotion – in other words,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], managing one’s emotional responses. People often undermine or diminish their personal or professional success through outbursts of anger,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], frustration or tears because of their inability to manage their emotions.
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The easiest time to practice this is when you are feeling calm and are not distracted by the comings and goings of life. If you take some time to practice when you're calm, it will become easier to do this when you feel unhappy, upset, disturbed, etc.
In the western world, the majority of people spend nearly 100% of their lives focusing their attention outwardly.
The next obvious question is, “How do you turn your attention towards your own awareness?”
If you'd like to become re-acquainted with your awareness,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], ask yourself this simple question: "Who is reading these words?"
As self-conscious beings,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], we have the unique ability to willfully direct our attention. Unfortunately, in our western society, we have, for the most part,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], forsaken this treasure. Our misdirected attention is the root cause of unhappiness.
Your Self is waiting for you along with your happiness. Perhaps it's time to make the introduction. You'll be glad you did,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]!
Direct your attention back towards your knowing presence and let it rest there. Thoughts, sensations and perceptions may still arise, but they will remain in the background of your experience. Presence will be primary. You'll see that it was there all the time, waiting for you to notice.
Collectively, we have discovered ways of sidestepping our unhappiness, at least temporarily. Some familiar tactics that people use to feel good include positive affirmations, denial,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], distractions, avoidance, procrastination and a wide variety of addictions. Perhaps you can think of others. By engaging in these tactics, we are trying to fix the problem by removing the symptoms,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], not by addressing the cause.
You may hear a reply in your head that sounds something like, "I am."
You might ask, “Apart from the body,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], mind and world, what else is there? Where else could our attention be directed?”
The next question is,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], “What could be the benefit of directing our attention towards our awareness?” The answer may surprise you!
The answer is: inwardly, toward our own awareness.
Regarding attention, we have two fundamental options. We can direct our attention outwardly or we can direct our attention inwardly.
We all want to feel happy. Unfortunately, the circumstances of life don't always support our happiness. Issues with money, jobs, health, and relationships frequently steal our happiness.
Where does this sense of lack come from? I believe that this sense of lack is caused by a misdirection of our attention.
Awareness is not the thought "I am". Instead, awareness is the silent, knowing, felt sense of "I am." It is the spacious, witnessing presence that animates your thoughts, sensations and perceptions. It is the sense of presence that has been with you throughout your life.
This approach to achieving happiness can be likened to a gardener who plucks the weeds without pulling the roots. Everyone knows, when you don't get the roots,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the weeds grow back. So, what then is the root of unhappiness?
Unhappiness is a signal that you have misdirected your attention,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], so whenever you feel unhappy, it's an invitation and a reminder to turn your attention to your Self again.
However, by the simple action of turning your attention inwardly and focusing attention on your own awareness, you re-establish acquaintance with your Self - your eternal,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], boundless nature. Happiness naturally arises when you reconnect with your Self.
With respect to unhappiness, I believe that the root is a deep, pervading sense of lack. This sense of lack runs deeper than circumstance; it is an inherent aspect of the human condition. Even people who seem to have everything going for them in the areas of money, jobs,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], health, relationships and family still often feel that there is something missing in their lives.
Here is what I've discovered. When your attention is directed outwardly, you essentially become disconnected from your Self. This disconnection with your Self is the root cause of the feeling of lack.
The more often you direct your attention inwardly toward your Self, the more happiness you will experience.
Our outward attention is very familiar to us. It is the conditioned attention we give to our body, the world and our mind. Our sensing informs us about our body. Our perceptions inform us about the world. Our thoughts inform us about our mind.
What do I mean by this?
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The Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) announced Sunday that the banks selected the firms on their own criteria for credit risk evaluation, and that they will launch an evaluation of the firms by Jan.

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Amid strong performances on the Seoul bourse,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], tax revenue from securities transactions are sharply up this year. As of the end of last month,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], total tax collection amounted to W567 billion,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or US$420 million,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a near 23% jump from the same period last year according to the Korea Stock Exchange. The total figure breaks down to W405 billion from the main stock market,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the Korea Stock Exchange,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], up 117% year-on-year,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and W161 billion from the over-the-counter KOSDAQ,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], down by more than 41%.
Analysts attribute the surge in tax collections to active trading on the main bourse. During the January to February period,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], daily trading on the KSE totaled 686 million shares with turnover soaring by 57% on the year.
(Arirang TV)
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The Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) announced Sunday that the banks selected the firms on their own criteria for credit risk evaluation, and that they will launch an evaluation of the firms by Jan.

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College graduates will likely be able to pry open the job-market door in the second half of this year as major companies plan to increase their new recruitments,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], especially for their R&D division and new business lines.
Hyundai and Kia Motors said that they will recruit about 600 college graduates in the second half. Hyundai and Kia expects a total of W900 billion in net profits for the first half of this year,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which would be an all-time high for the group.
SK group is set to hire a minimum of about 500 new employees in the second half,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], following a recruitment of 450 in the same half last year,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], to reinforce its manpower at various newly-launched operations,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], including energy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], power generation,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and information and telecommunications.
LG Electronics plans to employ a total of 1,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],500 new workers in the second half,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], about 500 more than its recruitment of 1,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 new staff members in the first half. (Song Eui-dal,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], [link widoczny dla zalogowanych])相关的主题文章：

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The Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) announced Sunday that the banks selected the firms on their own criteria for credit risk evaluation, and that they will launch an evaluation of the firms by Jan.

yuvsgvoand

The beauty is that you can do this almost anytime or anywhere and in many places where smoking is not permitted. Over time this type of breathing will likely become a habit (like smoking was),[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but this new habit that will improve your health and sense of well being.
The fact is that nicotine is a powerful stimulant,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and the minute it enters your bloodstream,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], your heart beat speeds up 10 to 15 beats a minute in an attempt to get rid of the poison you've just inhaled. If you take your blood pressure just just after a cigarette you will notice a sharp increase. So,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the truth is it's impossible to smoke and relax.
Unless you are driving or doing something that requires your attention, you can achieve even greater relaxation by closing your eyes and letting your mind focus on a restful scene or anything else which gives you a peaceful feeling. For some people repeating a word or "mantra" like "relax" can also help quiet the mind during deep breathing.
Here's how to breathe so that it slows down the pace of your whole body and promote physical relaxation,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. Take a deep breath using your belly muscles and let your stomach expand as far as possible as you inhale,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. Fill your lungs as completely as possible and let your stomach expand as though it were being filled like a balloon. If you want put your hand on your abdomen so you get some tactile feedback,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
Now slowly exhale and feel your stomach return to its normal position and pause comfortably at the end of the breath until you feel ready to take the next deep breath. Don't force it,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], take your time and allow your body to slow down. You can do this for as long or a short a time as you like,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but doing this for the 4 or 5 minutes that you would normally smoke a cigarette should significantly quiet your whole body and leave you felling very relaxed.
So where does the feeling of relaxation come from? Part of it is conditioning,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], over the years you've been conditioned (aka "hypnotized") to associate smoking with relaxing. After all don't you smoke when taking a break and doing many other relaxing things? The other part is how you breathe when you smoke. If you inhale deeply when you smoke,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you are probably breathing in a way which promotes relaxation. So why not just learn to breathe that way without the cigarettes? That way when you quit smoking you can keep the relaxation after you stop.
One of the things I hear a lot from smokers in my Toronto (Ontario,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Canada) hypnosis quit smoking clinic is "I smoke to relax". If smoking really was relaxing then the more you smoked the more relaxed you'd be and chain smokers would be the most relaxed people on the planet. Do you know anyone who chain smokes and is really relaxed? I certainly don't.
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The Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) announced Sunday that the banks selected the firms on their own criteria for credit risk evaluation, and that they will launch an evaluation of the firms by Jan.

yuvsgvoand

Heart: Smoking marijuana is found to increase heart rate by 20 to 100 percent or 20 to 50 beats per minute. The increased heart rate might result in heart attack,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. This puts the aged people with heart complications at higher risk of heart attacks due to marijuana abuse,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
Impact on eyes: The abuse of marijuana causes blood vessels in eyes to expand,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. This results in red and bloodshot eyes. Marijuana abuse will also cause decreased intraocular pressure of eyes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
Impact on mouth: Since it is the mouth that is mainly used in consumption of marijuana,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the consumption obviously impacts it. Primarily the abuser might feel thirst because of the dryness of the mouth. In the long run, THC interferes transfer of calcium throughout the body resulting in harmful impact on teeth. Studies have found that marijuana smoking results in gum disease. Marijuana abuse is also likely to cause mouth cancer because of its higher concentration of ingredients which possibly cause cancer.
Lungs: Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens that can be irritant to the lungs. Several studies have revealed that marijuana smoke contains 50-70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons compared to the smoke of tobacco. Some studies even reported that Marijuana abuse causes dysregulated growth of epithelial cells on the lung tissue,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which may result in cancer. Marijuana abuse causes respiratory problems such as daily cough and phlegm production, frequent chest illnesses, and lung infections.
Marijuana smoke has THC that passes through the lungs into the bloodstream and is carried to the brain and other organs of the human body. The immediate effects of marijuana abuse include dry mouth,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], rapid heart beat, loss of coordination,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], poor sense of balance,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and slower reaction time along with intoxication. The reflections of THC intoxication among different primary body parts of the human body are as follows:
Impact of Marijuana on mind: Brain is a complex organ of the human body. When the chemicals of marijuana enter the brain, they change the way it functions. Researches have proved that marijuana abuse causes distorted perceptions, impaired coordination,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], difficulty in absorbing and retaining information. Finally, the intellectual level of user will be significantly reduced and might be permanent.
Thus, marijuana abuse and addiction affects the user mentally and physically. The immune system and hormones of the body are also affected due to marijuana abuse making the abuser prone to many diseases.
Skin: Healthy skin is the symbol of healthy body. If an individual has any problem internally,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], then the skin reflects on it. It is said that marijuana smoking causes wrinkles on the skin making the person look older or aged. It may also cause skin cancer.
The Human body is a complex system of which each primary part has a unique and important role. However,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the harmful chemicals that enter the human body due to abusing marijuana, change the regular patterns of its working and create a conflict in its organized system. Some effects due to this may show up immediately while some effects stay back permanently or for a long time and damage the crucial parts of the body.
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The Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) announced Sunday that the banks selected the firms on their own criteria for credit risk evaluation, and that they will launch an evaluation of the firms by Jan.

yuvsgvoand

As Christmas draws closer,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], various performances are arriving in time for the holidays and 'Jesus Christ Super Star 2002' is one of them. The popular musical,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], originally composed by Andrew Lloyed-Webber and written by Tim Rice,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], will be staged at Gyeonggi Culture and Art Center on Christmas day.
Since its Korean debut in 1980,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the musical has so far attracted some 1.2 million people. This time around,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], audiences will get a chance to hear familiar songs such as "I Don't Know How to Love Him,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," and "Heaven on Their Minds,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," as well as the theme tune.
Based on the Bible,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the musical is centered on the events that happen during the seven days before the crucifixion of Christ.
(Arirang TV)相关的主题文章：

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Celebrities, including director of the National Theater Kim Myeong-gon, musical creator Song Seung-hwan, designer Lie Sang-bong, actress Yun Seok-hwa and pianist No Yeong-sim, will join Han at the exhibition, greeting the guests.

yuvsgvoand

Some of you will have undoubtedly seen the film 'The Matrix' starring Keanu Reeves,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]...
"Better safe than sorry"
For me this is where the social matrix comes in. Most of us live our lives immensely restricted due to fear of what might happen if we break some invisible social norm. That somehow we will be ostracized from society because we do something that breaks the status quo.
You'll find the number of times you do your breaching experiments to be the most important thing...Most people when they reach about 3 or 4 over a relatively short space of time they start to experience this sense of strange liberation and freedom that comes with Breaching The Social Matrix.
When you have the deep realisation that these social rules that have held you back aren't really rules...they aren't fixed in stone, in fact some of them are actually the opposite of what works. They are only really guidelines from the past that may or may not be useful depending on who you are with and the situation you are in...
"Don't be pushy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], all good things come to those who wait!"
This strange feeling of liberation and freedom is what happens when you step through those social norms and rules,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]...
As an extra layer to ensure their survival, the machines have plugged the humans into what they call 'The Matrix'...A super sophisticated computer simulation which contains a replica of 20th century civilization thus giving the human the illusion that they are living in the world when in actual fact they are being controlled and used as energy by the machines...
In the 1960's sociologist Harold Garfinkel conducted a series of interesting experiments on this phenomenon called 'Breaching experiments'. He asked his students to go out into the world and do things that involved breaching the social norm. Things like going into a shop and haggling for the price of a pair of jeans or purposely dropping litter in front of people to see their reaction.
"Wait until you're properly introduced!"
Even more interestingly,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], after they had done 3 or 4 breaching experiments in a row this fear disappeared and was replaced by a strange feeling of liberation and freedom...
For those of you who haven't seen the film the basic premise is that the earth and human beings have been taken over by machines who,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in order to survive,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], have farmed the human race in one giant complex where they use their body heat to power their own existence.
So my challenge to you is this...for the rest of the week start conducting your own breaching experiments. Don't start with the scariest thing you can possibly think of,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], start off small and work your way up. It could be something simple like walking up and talking to stranger for five minutes or going into a Chinese restaurant and asking for pie, chips and beans...
As fantastical a plot as this may be it's a great analogy to use when talking about social anxiety,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], social confidence & social interaction in general...
I once read somewhere that the illiterate of the future will not be those who cannot read or write but those who cannot learn and un-learn. As time goes on I'm finding myself buying into this notion more and more...
Some of you may even have understood it!
To a certain extent we all live in a kind of 'Social Matrix',[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]...In other words a kind of social construct containing beliefs and values that have been set by someone out with ourself and that we believe to be true and absolute,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
In her book 'How to Work a Room' Susan Roane calls these 'Mother's dire warnings'. Rules designed to get you to conform that may have served a useful purpose at some stage but now, in adulthood, need to be seriously revised.
Think about it...were you ever told from a young age any of the following:
Of course just because you see them for what they are doesn't mean you can't still play the many games of society,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. You won't get very far if you don't. social guidelines are useful just remember that's all they are...They don't really stop you from doing the things you want to do...
It's a beautiful realisation to make...it's like the world starts to open up, the layers of illusionary social fear start to peel back and your belief in what you thought was possible suddenly expands...
The interesting thing about the breaching experiments was that, the first time someone carried one out, they experienced intense feelings of fear and anxiety...Even though logically they knew they were safe, deep down something stirred inside that made them feel under threat...
"Don't talk to strangers!"
Social norms and rules can have such a power over us if we let them. Obviously many of them are there to keep society in place and ensure working order but a lot of them just simply no longer apply,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]...The world is changing at such a rate that we can no longer afford to hold on to out-dated belief systems and ways of viewing the world...
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Celebrities, including director of the National Theater Kim Myeong-gon, musical creator Song Seung-hwan, designer Lie Sang-bong, actress Yun Seok-hwa and pianist No Yeong-sim, will join Han at the exhibition, greeting the guests.

yuvsgvoand

There are many food items that are known to have memory boosting powers. If you are curious to know more about some of them,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you may begin your quest with caffeine. Perhaps you have seen how many people can’t begin their day without their quota of the morning cup of coffee. If you have always wondered why, and would love to delve deeper into how caffeine can act as a memory booster,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], here are some points that would offer useful insight into the matter:
Stimulates the brain: Caffeine helps to stimulate proper brain function and acts as a jolt to your system. That’s why many people feel that they simply can’t function until they have had their morning cup of coffee,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. :
•
Enhances the functionality of brain: Caffeine gives an extra boost to your brain,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], thus helping it to get different things clarified and sorted into their right compartments. Perhaps this is why you would find many people sipping a cup of coffee during the mid afternoon hours when a lull descends and people start feeling lethargic. The caffeine in the coffee helps to bring your mind back to the alert stage by blocking the effects of adenosine, which is a neurotransmitter in the brain that makes you feel tired. This way,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you can stay awake and continue with your work for the rest of the day. :
Despite its advantages as a memory booster,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], caffeine is primarily a stimulant. So, it’s wise to consume it in limited dosage and not get too dependent on it.
• Helps you to retain and process information: Thanks to its ability as an improve memory,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], caffeine helps you to process information effectively and retain the same for a long period of time. So,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], whether you are a student,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], an employee or an independent professional,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], adequate dose of caffeine can help you tread the path of success.

• Boosts feelings of well being: Caffeine encourages the release of dopamine – a brain chemical,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which promotes the feeling of well being. Since memory power has a close connection with your well being,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], your brain works efficiently when you are happy and calm. No wonder that caffeine is hailed for giving results as a memory booster.
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Celebrities, including director of the National Theater Kim Myeong-gon, musical creator Song Seung-hwan, designer Lie Sang-bong, actress Yun Seok-hwa and pianist No Yeong-sim, will join Han at the exhibition, greeting the guests.

yuvsgvoand

Controversy over the international nature of the auction for Cho Hung Bank has been mounting. The government has been handling the bid processes poorly, to begin with,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], shaping the sale into a heated political dispute. To explain further,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the government has been dealing with the sale only through stopgap measures,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which triggered the disputes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], failing to stick to a consistent and transparent principle for the sale.
Industry observers, first of all, question the government's hurried action on the sale, ignoring the fact that the current share prices at the bank have slid below their W5,000 face value. Only several days ago, Deputy Prime Minister Jeon Yun-churl claimed that the government would complete the bank sale by the end of November without fail,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but on Tuesday,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], he sidetracked from the stance, saying the sale would not go ahead if the offered price doest not fall within the limit of the government's estimate. Still,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the deputy prime minister has not wavered his intention to clear the bank as early as possible.
Of course,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the government's policy to privatize public fund-injected banks so far has been earning the general public's approval. In addition,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], industry experts have been claiming that the government should not stick to the sale price of these financial firms, as it would also have to consider the broader framework of restructuring the nation's financial industry.
We firmly believe,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], however,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], that the sell-off of the bank is not a ��must�� for the Kim Dae-jung administration. Moreover,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the government has not made it clear yet whether it intends to sell off its entire stake, and with it, the managerial rights to the bank. Therefore, we believe that the declaration by the government's deadline for the sale is nothing but a daredevilry.
What is equally disturbing situation for all of us is that the bank and its labor union have expressed their strong opposition to the sale, betraying a formerly hidden egotism. We understand their self-esteem, as the bank has lasted longer than any bank in Korea, but the price may not justify the argument for the bank's standing on its own feet. Both the government and the bank should know that the two parties' lingering on their different stances could fling the future of the bank into the abyss.相关的主题文章：

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Celebrities, including director of the National Theater Kim Myeong-gon, musical creator Song Seung-hwan, designer Lie Sang-bong, actress Yun Seok-hwa and pianist No Yeong-sim, will join Han at the exhibition, greeting the guests.

yuvsgvoand

A North Korean defector, who came to South Korea in 1997,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], was arrested by Chinese authorities while trying to get his daughter and granddaughter on a flight to South Korea from Harbin Airport in China, it was learned Tuesday. Kim Jae-won aged 64,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a former doctor,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], has been held in custody for ten days,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], along with his daughter aged 36 and granddaughter aged 8. Chinese authorities will reportedly hand them over to North Korea.
Kim flew to China in September of last year in an effort to get his daughter and her child,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], who have hidden in China since 1999 when they escaped from the North into South Korea. He was arrested at Harbin airport in Heilongjiang Province,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], because his daughter and granddaughter were carrying forged passports; Kim's passport is South Korean,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but his offspring had passports from North Korea.
An official said the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade had contacted the Chinese authorities,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but has yet to be notified of the results of an investigation into the three. China has recently exerted strong controls on North Korean defectors and chances are high that they will be handed over to the North,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], unless the South Korean government acts aggressively.
A graduate from a medical college in China,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Kim served as a physician in the North before escaping to South Korea,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], where he worked for an educational institute resettling defectors as a government employee.
(Kim Mi-young,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], [link widoczny dla zalogowanych])
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Celebrities, including director of the National Theater Kim Myeong-gon, musical creator Song Seung-hwan, designer Lie Sang-bong, actress Yun Seok-hwa and pianist No Yeong-sim, will join Han at the exhibition, greeting the guests.

yuvsgvoand

In conclusion, there is a great deal of strong scientific data to show a neurological basis for the theory of recovered memory. Van der Kolk shows how memories may be dissociated into different parts, how traumatic memories may be remembered differently and how neurochemicals may affect the amygdala and the hippocampus, causing memory problems. His research on neuroimaging appears back up his theory that traumatic memories are made up of emotional and sensory states with minimal verbal representation. This would support the theory that traumatic memories may be remembered in fragments. van der Kolk’s research also shows us the possibility of stress causing damaging to the memory systems that help categorize memories. Kalat’s book also backs up the theory that neurochemicals may enhance or damage memory processing. Kolb and Whishaw’s book discusses different theories of memory. van der Kolk’s work appears to consider more than one theory of memory, because his theory discusses both how the memory consolidation process is disrupted and access to the memory trace is lost,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and that there is a difference between traumatic and nontraumatic memory storage and retrieval. Knopp and Benson’s book appears to back up van der Kolk’s work. It discusses how traumatic events may be unavailable to recall or may be recalled only in pieces. Knopp and Benson’s book also states some of the neurochemical processes that may cause impairment of the memory process. Their book discusses the theory that memory consolidation is most successful when the experience can be elaborated on in conscious thought. Bremner’s work shows us how certain neurochemical levels may cause memory impairment. He also shows a connection between reduced hippocampal volume and certain kinds of trauma. Bremner also theorizes about the connections between brain neurochemical levels and the delayed recall of child abuse. Hopefully, future scientific breakthroughs will continue to help researchers collect data on the neurological basis for the theory of recovered memory, so that sufferers of severe trauma will be able to fully receive the treatment and support they need and the lingering scientific question about the existence of recovered memories will finally be put to rest.
Changes in memory function by cortisol and norepinephrine may show us a mechanism for the delayed recall of child abuse. Cortisol over hours acts to weaken the laying down of memory traces and neuroepinephrine may strengthen these traces. Exaggerated cortisol release in a stressful situation in PTSD may cause the inhibition of the retrieval of memories. The exaggerated release of norepinephrine in animal studies could be connected to humans. This would show how memory recall can be facilitated. This may also explain how traumatic memories of childhood abuse could suddenly break into consciousness and would back up the claims of PTSD patients. Frontal lobe abnormalities causing dysfunction may also underlie the delayed recall of abuse memories. Studies show an increased propensity for memory distortions in women with self-reported abuse and PTSD. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in PTSD caused by abuse could be a reason for these phenomena. This could explain an increase in the capacity for source amnesia effects. Failure of activation or decreased blood flow in the medial prefrontal cortex may cause increased fearfulness inappropriate for the situation. This inability to regulate emotions could cause PTSD sufferers to avoid reminders to protect themselves. This could lead to amnesia. It has been shown that PTSD symptoms increase after the delayed recall of childhood abuse. ( Bremner, 2002)
Bremner cites several studies showing a connection between hippocampal volume and stress related disorders. The hippocampus is sensitive to stress and plays an important role in memory and learning. The hippocampus also has a role in recording the emotions of a stressful event. Researchers have measured hippocampal volume with MRIs. In one study, hippocampal volume was found to be reduced by 8% on the right side in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. Later a 12% reduction was found on the left side. After this, Bremner measured left hippocampal volume in patients with PTSD related to early childhood sexual and physical abuse and also found a 12% reduction. Other studies have replicated these findings. Abuse and PTSD are related to a broad range of memory disturbances, and PTSD sufferers may be more susceptible to memory problems than normals. A difficult issue for Bremner is whether those presumably abused accurately recall their information. ( Bremner, 2002)
Schacter, D. L. & Scarry, E. Eds. (2000) Memory, brain and belief. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Abnormal acoustic startle response (ASR) has been a main feature in trauma response for more than 50 years. ASR in PTSD subjects response is mediated by such excitatory amino acids as glutamate and aspartate. ASR is modulated by several neurotransmitters and second messengers at supraspinal and spinal levels. Abnormalities in habituation are found in ASR with PTSD subjects. This failure of habituation for PTSD to loud sounds suggests problems with evaluating sensory input. The fact that PTSD subjects are unable to properly integrate trauma memories is shown physiologically by their misinterpretation of nonthreatening stimuli. (van der Kolk, 1994)
The limbic system is believed to be critically involved in memory storage and retrieval as well as giving emotional significance to sensory inputs. Research in brain imaging studies suggests that trauma patients may have limbic system abnormalities. One part of the limbic system, the amygdala, may assign free-floating feelings to input which are then elaborated upon by the neocortex and imbued with personal meaning. It may also integrate internal representations of the external world in memory image form associating emotional experiences with these memories. The septo-hippocampal system is thought to record memory in temporal and spatial dimensions, and plays an important role in storing and categorizing incoming stimuli in memory. Hippocampal damage is connected to over responsiveness to external stimuli. When stress interferes with the hippocampus’ mediation of memory, it is possible that some of the memory is kept by a system that records emotional experience,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but there is no symbolic placement of it in time or space. In animals, high stimulation of the amygdala interferes with hippocampal processing. Strong affect may disallow proper evaluating and categorizing of an experience. (van der Kolk, 1994)
This paper presents research showing the biological basis for the theory of recovered memory. I define recovered memory as the phenomenon of partially or fully losing part or a specific aspect of a memory, and then later recovering part or all of the memory into conscious awareness. This paper includes data from the works of van der Kolk and Fisler, Knopp and Benson and Bremner. Supporting data includes PTSD studies on Vietnam veterans and survivors of childhood trauma, subjective reports of memory, measurements of stress-responsive neurohormones, animal research on neurohormones, neuroimaging and MRI brain studies. Different theories of memory and amnesia are also presented.
van der Kolk and Fisler’s study of 46 adults supports Piaget’s notion that when memories can’t be integrated linguistically or semantically,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], they are organized in a more primitive manner as somatic sensations or visual images. In a collaborative neuroimaging study with the authors, it was found that when subjects had flashbacks in the laboratory, there was increased activity in the right hemisphere in areas connected to the processing of emotional experiences and in the right visual association cortex. Broca’s areas in the left hemisphere showed significantly decreased activity. This helps back up the theory that traumatic memories are made up of emotional and sensory states with minimal verbal representation. van der Kolk and Fisler’s hypothesis is that under extreme stress, the memory categorization system based in the hippocampus fails, allowing for these memories to be kept as emotional and sensory states. Excessive arousal at the moment of trauma interferes with the clear memory processing of the event, leaving unaltered memory traces. When these memory traces are remembered and put into a personal narrative, they are subject to being condensed,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], contaminated and embellished upon. When memory traces are recalled, increased activity in the amygdala might cause the personal assignment of accuracy and individual significance. (van der Kolk & Fisler, 1995)
Abnormal physiological responses in PTSD have been shown in two ways. One is due to reminders of the trauma. The second is due to intense, neutral stimuli, such as loud sounds. Individuals with PTSD show several autonomic responses to these stimuli, like blood pressure, skin conductance and heart rate. These highly elevated responses show the timelessness and intensity of how traumatic memories may affect one’s present experience. Lang proposed that emotional memories are stored as associative networks, where these networks are activated when a person gets confronted by a sufficient number of elements that make up these networks. Kolb proposed that excessive stimulation of the CNS during trauma could cause permanent neuronal changes. These changes would have a detrimental effect on stimulus discrimination, habituation and learning. (van der Kolk, 1994)
Bremner, J. D. (2002). Does stress damage the brain? New York: W.W. Norton and Company
van der Kolk writes about the neural connections between the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. They are the main pathways of communication between subcortical and cortical areas. These connections can be assumed to represent a link between unconscious and conscious brain areas. Changes in the hippocampus’ functioning during uncontrollable stress may hurt and limit the consolidation of the input into the explicit memory system. Some mental representations of the input may remain in cortical emotional memory, which may cause phobias and free-floating anxiety. This explains how trauma sufferers may have amnesia for specific events, but not the emotions connected to them. Excessive levels of opioids released in the brain during trauma and the numbing response connected to them may also be a major factor for the impairment of memory. According to van der Kolk, in animal studies, memory is damaged when a situation can no longer be helped by the animal’s activity. Panic and freeze responses may be seen as defensive ways to allow an organism to not consciously experience overwhelming stress or to not remember an occurrence of overwhelming stress. High opioid levels may influence the encoding of input in two ways. The first is by changing the initial experience of one’s perceptions by decreasing the perception of pain and changing other senses. The second is by changing one’s interpretation of the entire event, creating an unreal context for the event, like physical or emotional detachment. These events are characteristic of dissociative responses. These influences may cause memories that are unrelated to or dissociated from the normal methods of explicit memory retrieval. (Knopp & Benson, 1996)
Trauma victims do not respond to stress the way normals do. Pressure situations may cause a feeling of retraumatization. High states of arousal may promote the retrieval of trauma memories and associated phenomena such as sensory information or behaviors connected to prior trauma. Therefore, traumatic memories may be considered state dependent. Under stress, people secrete endogenous stress hormones that affect memory consolidation strength. Through studies on animal models, it is assumed that the large secretion of neurohormones during a traumatic event in part causes long-term potentiation (LTP) and the over-consolidation of traumatic memories. This LTP may cause an organism to remember a trauma whenever aroused. Neuroepinepehrine may be the major hormone causing LTP. Endorphins and oxytocin may actually cause inhibition of the consolidation of memories. Reliving the traumatic event may cause stress hormones to strength the memory trace causing a positive feedback loop. (van der Kolk, 1994)
Hebb distinguished between short-term and long-term memory. He postulated that any memory that stayed in short-term storage for a long enough time would be consolidated into a long-term memory. Later research showed this to be false. Research has shown that direct injections of cortisol or epinephrine help the storage of recent experiences. This is also true for stimulation of the amygdala. This proves that excitement enhances memory by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala. Excessive or prolonged stress (with prolonged cortisol) may hurt memory storage. Patients with amygdalar damage are no more likely to remember emotionally charged words than nonemotionally charged ones. Baddely and Hitch developed the term working memory to show that temporary storage is more than a station on the way to long-term memory, it is the way we store memory when memory is worked with or examined. The hippocampus is important for explicit memory. The hippocampus is also important for memory consolidation. The hippocampus receives input from different parts of the cortex and sends it’s output out to different parts of the brain also. The input comes from secondary and terciary sensory areas that have processed the information a lot already. Hippocampal damage may also cause memory loss and problems with memory storage. (Kalat, 2001) This data backs up the idea that the hormones caused by excitement may enhance memory. An example of this is being able to remember sexually charged words. However, excessive stress and hippocampal damage may damage memory processing. This is somewhat similar to what van der Kolk described.
Traumas can interfere with several memory functions. van der Kolk divided these functional disturbances into four sets, traumatic amnesia, global memory impairment, dissociative processes and traumatic memories’ sensorimotor organization. Traumatic amnesia involves the loss of remembering traumatic experiences. The younger the subject and the longer the traumatic event is, the greater the chance of significant amnesia. Global memory impairment makes it difficult for these subjects to construct an accurate account of their present and past history. Dissociation refers to memories being stored as fragments and not as unitary wholes. Not being able to integrate traumatic memories seems to be the main element which leads to PTSD. In the sensorimotor organization of traumatic memories, sensations are fragmented into different sensory components. (van der Kolk & Fisler, 1995)
Kolb and Whishaw describe two groups of theories about amnesia. The defects in sequential processing theory states that to get a memory to become permanent, there needs to be a structural change in the brain. Amnesia is assumed to occur when the consolidation process is disrupted and either the memory trace doesn’t produce a structural change and gets lost or there is a structural change and access to the memory trace is lost. The multiple memory systems theories state that amnesia occurs due to a problem in one of the memory systems. These theories assume that the impairment of a psychological system may cause deficits in some kinds of memories but not others. Kolb and Whishaw claim that none of these models can explain all of the aspects of amnesia. (Kolb & Whishaw, 1995) van der Kolk’s theory of traumatic amnesia appears to be a combination of both of the above theories. In the defects in sequential processing theory, amnesia occurs when the consolidation process is disrupted, and access to the memory trace is lost. Amygdalar disruption of hippocampal processing may cause this consolidation disruption in terms of the proper categorization of a memory. The multiple memory systems theories state that impairment may be caused in one system but not another. van der Kolk’s work theorizes and attempts to prove that there is a difference between traumatic and nontraumatic memory storage and retrieval.
Cathecholamine activity may be altered due to trauma. The intrusive symptoms of PTSD are thought to be connected to the dysregulation of the cathecholamine system. Several systems are regulated during the cathecholamine systems reaction to stress. These include, the locus ceruleus/norepinephrine system, which affects the activities of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala, the dopamine system, which causes and increase in activity in the prefrontal cortex,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the SNS, which causes physical arousal. (Knopp & Benson, 1996)
References
Bremner’s work states that changes in the neurotransmitter GABA in response to uncontrolled stress have been connected to losses in memory and learning. This may be due to GABA’s interrelationship with neuroepinephrine and opioids. Chronic dopamine dysregulation may be a consequence of trauma. Dopamine’s relationship to working memory in the prefrontal cortex may also show its connection to problems of encoding and short term memory. High levels of cortisol (as mentioned previously by Kalat) may cause memory deficits because of its neurotoxic effects on the hippocampus. In animal studies, high levels of cortisol have been shown to cause hippocampal damage. In humans, MRI studies have shown reduced hippocampal volumes in combat veterans with PTSD, adults with posttraumatic symptoms and survivors of repeated childhood sexual or physical abuse. Hippocampal damage may cause short-term memory retention deficits. van der Kolk writes that PTSD’s essence is memory disturbances. Janet wrote that certain occurrences may leave intense memories in a person. With dissociative trauma survivors, trauma may also interfere with implicit memory, where periods of avoidance may be interrupted by intrusive emotional occurrences with no story to guide them. (Knopp & Benson, 1996)
Kalat, J.W. (2001). Biological psychology (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
PTSD develops following intense stressors. Intense stress causes the release of stress-responsive neurohormones, like cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, etc. Constant exposure to stress changes an organism’s adaptiveness and how it deals with its daily environment. Studies have shown neuroendocrine abnormalities in PTSD subjects. These studies have shown chronically increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system activity in PTSD. The neurochemicals measured in these studies include catecholamines, corticosteriods, serotonin and endogenous opioids. Through self-reports of emotional responses, it is suggested that endogenous opioids are responsible for the numbing of emotions in response to trauma. Putnam’s work shows large neuroendocrine changes in sexually abused girls when they are compared to normals. (van der Kolk, 1994)
In van der Kolk’s work on the psychobiology of PTSD, he states that trauma responses are bimodal. The response to trauma is hypermnesia, over reaction to stimuli and reexperiencing the trauma, which exists with numbing, avoidance and amnesia. When compensating for chronic hyperarousal, behaviorally subjects with PTSD may shut down and avoid stimuli similar to the trauma. Psychobiologically,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], they may emotionally numb both to trauma and everyday experience. PTSD subjects may go directly from stimuli to response without an adequate appraisal of the situation, due to their overgeneralization of incoming stimuli, creating flight or fight reactions. (van der Kolk, 1994)
The body’s need to respond in danger situations can be strong. There is a tremendous physiological and neurochemical cost to this type of response, due to the depletion of hormones and neurotransmitters. With adequate recovery time,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the body can return to its own homeostasis. When there is inadequate recovery time between stressful situations, alterations may occur to the neurophysiological parts of one’s stress-response system. Some of these alterations may be irreversible. One’s body’s memory and learning systems may be altered affecting implicit and explicit memory. This may cause maladaptive or pathological responses. This damage may cause memory loss, learning deficits and other maladaptive symptoms. Children’s neurological and physiological systems are very vulnerable to the negative impact of trauma. Highly resilient people may have a better chance of experiencing a trauma without developing PTSD. But if a trauma is strong enough,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], no person is immune to the consequences of developing PTSD. Uncontrollable stress may have a similar impact biologically. It may be possible to look at an individual’s pre and post trauma neurochemistry and tell if they have experienced trauma, but it would not be possible to say what kind of trauma. Animal studies show us that learned helplessness can develop from repeated exposure to inescapable trauma. In humans, physical paralysis has been shown to be a main feature connected to a traumatic event. This paralysis has been shown to be connected to hypermnesia, amnesia and dissociation. Traumatic events may be unavailable to recall or may be recalled only in pieces. (Knopp & Benson,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 1996)
van der Kolk and Fisler’s research shows that traumatic memories are retrieved, at least at first, in the form of mental imprints that are dissociated. These imprints are of the affective and sensory elements of the traumatic experience. Clients have reported the slow emergence of a personal narrative that can be considered explicit (conscious) memory. The level of emotional significance of a memory correlates directly with the memory’s veracity. Studies of subjective reports of memory show that memories of highly significant events are unusually accurate and stable over time. There are a variety of memory systems which usually operate outside of conscious awareness. These systems operate with some independence from the other memory systems. While people appear to easily assimilate expected and known experiences,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], aspects of traumatic experiences appear to get stuck in the mind, unaltered by time passing or experiences that may follow. The imprints of traumatic experiences appear to be qualitatively different from those of nontraumatic events. Explicit memories of personal facts or events are affected by lesions of the front lobe and hippocampus. These parts of the brain are also involved in PTSD neurobiology. Traumatic memories may be coded differently than ordinary event memories, possibly because of alterations in attentional focusing or the fact that extreme emotional arousal interferes with the memory functions of the hippocampus. (van der Kolk & Fisler 1995)
van der Kolk, B. A. & Fisler,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], R. (1995) Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study.
van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of post traumatic stress.
Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. (1995). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
Amnesia involves losses in explicit memory. It is shown by one’s inability to remember personal memories or discuss them verbally, or it may be shown by one’s inability to fully retain in conscious awareness temporarily retrieved memories. Amnesia is often considered to be a dissociative condition, such as dissociative amnesia. An individual may only remember parts of the event,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or certain categories about the event (like feelings). Amnesia caused by deficits while encoding information may not be reversible, because the information was not encoded. Gaps in autobiographical memory are normal to PTSD sufferers, as are problems with nonstressful short-term memory tasks. The successful coding of memories entails alert focused awareness when the input is presented. Memory consolidation is most successful when the experience can be elaborated on in conscious thought. A lack of conscious awareness may hurt these processes. Extreme elevations of norepinephrine released in trauma situations are related to the strong implicit hypermnesia memories and to the explicit deficits of memory of amnesia. Medium to high levels of norepinephrine cause the amygdala to promote LTP in the hippocampus, which may result in vivid memories. Very high levels of norepineephrine and heavy stimulation of the amygdala connected to extreme, prolonged or repeated stress appear to interfere with hippocampal functioning. This interference may hurt cognitive assessment and the encoding of the input. (Knopp & Benson, 1996)
Knopp, F. H. & Benson, A. R. (1996) A primer on the complexities of traumatic memory childhood sexual abuse; a psychobiological approach. Brandon, VT : Safer Society Press
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Celebrities, including director of the National Theater Kim Myeong-gon, musical creator Song Seung-hwan, designer Lie Sang-bong, actress Yun Seok-hwa and pianist No Yeong-sim, will join Han at the exhibition, greeting the guests.